Strategy antecedents of modes of entry into foreign markets

Although a firm's choice of mode of entry to a foreign market is central to the implementation of international strategy, we have only limited understanding of the effects of international strategy on the choice. This study explores the effects of business relatedness and corporate international experience. Data were collected on 173 ventures of Swedish manufacturing firms that were present on the German market, and multivariate techniques were applied to test hypotheses. It was found that product/market relatedness and intangible resource relatedness between the foreign business unit and the industrial firm's core business unit favored a full control entry mode based on sole ownership. This finding was also valid for importance of foreign markets. Further, market importance moderated the two relationships regarding business relatedness. Contributions to the literature are discussed.     

我国商业银行产业组织结构与效率关系的实证分析

本文对产权结构和市场结构对我国国有商业银行和股份制商业银行的成本效率、规模效率和技术效率的影响进行实证分析。结果表明:产权结构对我国国有商业银行和股份制商业银行成本效率影响都很显著,但对股份制商业银行的影响要弱于对国有商业银行的影响,国有产权比重与银行业效率之间呈现U型曲线关系。而市场集中度和进入壁垒高会造成我国商业银行效率低下。     

Power and Size of Firms as Reflected in Cleaning Subcontractors’ Practices of Social Responsibility

Recent discussions in the area of corporate social responsibility suggest that organizational size has complex meanings and thus requires more scholarly attention. This article explores organizational size in the context of relative power in inter-organizational networks. To shed light on the ways relative power interacts with size we studied social responsibility practices among cleaning subcontractors in three firms of different sizes. Our focus on the network differentiates these firms on the basis of their size and sector. Semi-structured interviews were used to trace cleaning subcontractors’ CSR-related practices. We analyzed subjective reports and discursive practices involved in subcontractors’ self-presentations. While the economic and philanthropic dimensions of social responsibility were presented by the cleaning subcontractors as independent of network constraints, the findings show that the legal and ethical dimensions were subject to large client–firm pressures. What we learn from our data is that the four dimensions of Carroll’s model, the economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic, should all develop from and be evaluated against a fifth root dimension of inter-personal commitment.     

Intraday Value at Risk (IVaR) using tick-by-tick data with application to the Toronto Stock Exchange

This paper investigates the use of tick-by-tick data for intraday market risk measurement. We propose a method to compute an Intraday Value at Risk based on irregularly spaced high-frequency data and an intraday Monte Carlo simulation. A log-ACD–ARMA–EGARCH model is used to specify the joint density of the marked point process of durations and high-frequency returns. We apply our methodology to transaction data for three stocks actively traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange. Compared to traditional techniques applied to intraday data, our methodology has two main advantages. First, our risk measure has a higher informational content as it takes into account all observations. On the total risk measure, our method allows for distinguishing the effect of random trade durations from the effect of random returns, and for analyzing the interaction between these factors. Thus, we find that the information contained in the time between transactions is relevant to risk analysis, which is consistent with predictions from asymmetric-information models in the market microstructure literature. Second, once the model has been estimated, the IVaR can be computed by any trader for any time horizon based on the same information and with no need of sampling the data and estimating the model again when the horizon changes. Backtesting results show that our approach constitutes reliable means of measuring intraday risk for traders who are very active in the market.     

我国上市公司的债务期限结构——基于权衡思想的实证研究

债务期限结构的确定是企业对短期债务的优势和缺陷进行权衡的结果,此提出了债务期限结构的权衡思想,为了考察我国上市公司债务期限结构选择的影响因素,利用这一思想对其进行了详细的实证研究。研究结果表明,权衡思想能够较好地解释我国上市公司债务期限结构的选择行为,同时也表明,尽管我国上市公司的短期债务普遍偏高,但这种选择却是其理性思索的结果。     

论执政能力建设的政治道德基石

政治道德是指在政治实践和政治生活中形成的合情合理、合乎正义的行为道德规范以及从政者的思想道德品质的总和。在执政能力建设中，政治道德凸显为执政为民、求真务实、廉洁高效、公平正义等执政价值理念的实现，它构成执政能力建设的坚实基础。     

R&D Reporting Biases and Their Consequences*

The immediate expensing of research and development (R&D) expenditures is often justified by the conservatism principle. However, no accounting procedure consistently applied can be conservative throughout the firm's life. We therefore ask the following questions: (1) When is the expensing of R&D conservative and when is it aggressive, relative to R&D capitaliza‐tion? (2) What are the capital‐market implications of these reporting biases? To address these questions we construct a model of profitability biases (differences between reported profitability under R&D expensing and capitalization) and show that the key drivers of the reporting biases are the differences between R&D growth and earnings growth (momentum), and between R&D growth and return on equity (ROE). Companies with a high R&D growth rate relative to their profitability (typically early life‐cycle companies) report conservatively, while firms with a low R&D growth rate (mature companies) tend to report aggressively under current generally accepted accounting principles. Our empirical analysis, covering the period 1972‐2003, generally supports the analytical predictions. In the valuation analysis we find evidence consistent with investor fixation on the reported profitability measures: we detect undervaluation of conservatively reporting firms and overvaluation of aggressively reporting firms. These misvaluations appear to be corrected when the reporting biases reverse from conservative to aggressive and vice versa. This evidence is consistent with behavioral finance arguments about investor cognitive biases.     

日本中小企业融资政策有效性分析——市场调节与政府干预的交叉融合

现今国家干预经济的过程中会出现政府失灵已得到广泛认同，但政府干预作为纠正市场失灵的有效方法，仍被绝大多数国家所采用。如何把握好市场调节与政府干预之间的平衡以同时避免市场失灵和政府失灵成为大家关注的焦点。日本政府采取了一种独特的范式，即通过把源于市场信息、市场调研制定的政策最终回归到市场，加以实施和运作，从而在成功地纠正了市场失灵的同时，借助市场避免了政策失效。日本中小企业融资政策是日本政府干预政策成功运作的典型案例，以此为分析对象不仅可以明晰日本政府干预经济的行为特征，亦可以为中国政府的政策制定和实施提供参考。     

临涣工业园施工用电设计与优化

对临涣工业园施工用电的线路架设,设备和设施的选择,变配电点的布置和施工用电设计组织方案进行了较详细的论证,对原设计方所作的施工用电方案在实际施行中作了较大的修正,较好地解决了大型焦化及其配套建设工程在建设期间的施工用电安全运行问题,对同类或相似的建设项目有一定的指导意义。     

虚拟经营——提高我国建筑业国际竞争力的有效途径

首先介绍了虚拟经营概念,然后结合建筑业的行业特点和我国建筑业在国际工程承包市场的表现,阐述了建筑企业实施虚拟经营的必要性,并对建筑企业如何实施虚拟经营提出了建议.